Modern Minimalist Glass Ceilin...
from $110.95
$202.95
Bring simple elegance to your home with the Modern Minimalist Glass Ceiling Light with Nordic Texture. Designed for small spaces, this modern flush mount ceiling light offers soft, warm lighting with a sleek, polished look. The textured glass and iron body blend Nordic style with a hint of art deco, making it perfect for bedrooms, entryways, or hallways.
Brighten your space with its compact, ceiling-mounted design—ideal for flush mount hallway lighting or even a cozy foyer. This fixture uses a single E27 bulb (not included) and is easy to install on both 110V and 220V AC power. Durable, minimal, and stylish, this is the perfect glass flush mount ceiling light for anyone who loves clean, modern design.
 Specifications:Material: Glass Stone + Iron
Color: Grey
Finish: Polished
Style: Modern / Nordic / Art Deco
Design: Minimalist round flush mount
Light Source: 1 Ă— E27 bulb (not included)
Lighting Area: 3–5 sq. meters
Voltage: 90–260V (AC110V/220V supported)
Mount Type: Ceiling mounted
Dimmable: No
Power Source: AC
Smart Compatible: No
Best For: Hallways, bedrooms, foyers, entryways, small spaces
Modern Cloud Chandelier Pendan...
from $122.95
$148.95
The Modern Cloud Chandelier Pendant Light adds a soft and creative touch to any space. Shaped like a cloud, this unique chandelier light is made from high-quality space cotton and silk for a lightweight, durable finish that won’t rust or fade.
This modern chandelier comes in various sizes and includes LED bulbs with adjustable hanging wire for flexible placement. It works well in bedrooms, nurseries, or living areas and fits both minimal and art deco chandelier styles. The cloud shape gives it a warm, soft glow, perfect for creating a calm atmosphere.
It includes E27 LED bulbs and is available in warm, white, or tricolor light options. Simple to install and built for long-lasting use.
Specifications:
Style: Modern / Art Deco
Shape: Cloud
Material: Wrought Iron Body + Space Cotton + Silk
Color: White
Light Source: E27 LED Bulbs (Included)
Power: 10–130W
Voltage: 96–240V
Lighting Area: 5–35 sq. meters (depends on size)
Light Options: Warm, White, Tricolor
Is Dimmable: No
Switch Type: Push Button
Mount Type: Ceiling Pendant (Cord Mount)
Hanging Wire Length: Adjustable up to 200cm
Installation Type: Hardwired
Warranty: 2 Years
Certification: CE, UL, CCC
Average Lifespan: 50,000 hours
Ideal For: Bedroom, Foyer, Living Room, Nursery
Available Sizes (L Ă— W Ă— H):
30cm Ă— 20cm Ă— 15cm
40cm Ă— 23cm Ă— 18cm
50cm Ă— 26cm Ă— 22cm
60cm Ă— 35cm Ă— 24cm
70cm Ă— 40cm Ă— 26cm
80cm Ă— 40cm Ă— 30cm
90cm Ă— 40cm Ă— 30cm
100cm Ă— 45cm Ă— 30cm
120cm Ă— 55cm Ă— 45cm
150cm Ă— 60cm Ă— 45cm
180cm Ă— 65cm Ă— 45cm
Hanging Lamp Decoration Lustre
from $207.95
$383.95
Elevate your home lighting with the Hanging Lamp Decoration Lustre, a compact and stylish modern chandelier perfect for smaller spaces. Crafted from plated aluminum and silica gel, it provides soft, efficient illumination that enhances any area, from dining rooms to bedrooms and hallways. The adjustable hanging height of up to 1.5 meters allows customization for different ceilings, while the touch on/off switch adds convenience. LED compatibility ensures energy-efficient lighting, making it both practical and eco-friendly. Ideal as a cozy chandelier, this fixture adds warmth and ambiance, while its sleek design also works as a dining room chandelier or living room chandelier, combining functionality with contemporary elegance for any interior.
Specifications:
Style: Modern
Material: Aluminum + Silica Gel
Finish: Plated Iron
Color: Gold
Light Source: 1 Ă— LED bulb (not included)
Bulb Base: Wedge
Voltage: 90–260V (Supports 110V)
Power Source: AC
Lighting Area: 5–10 sq. meters
Adjustable Height: Yes, up to 1.5 meters
Installation Type: Cord Pendant
Switch Type: Touch On/Off
Dimmable: No
Warranty: 2 Years
Ideal For: Dining Room, Bedroom, Entryway, Small Spaces
Modern LED Square Ceiling Lamp
from $165.95
$354.95
Upgrade your home with the Modern LED Square Ceiling Lamp, a sleek and stylish choice for everyday lighting. This modern flush mount light features a black metal frame with a smooth painted finish, making it a perfect fit for bedrooms, living rooms, kitchens, or hallways. Its clean square design adds a modern touch to any room.Designed for convenience and brightness, this fixture includes over 20 LED bulbs and lights up areas between 15–30 square meters. It’s dimmable via remote control, so you can easily adjust the brightness to match your mood. If you're looking for reliable and energy-efficient flush mounted ceiling lights, this flush mount LED light is a smart, space-saving solution.
Specifications:
Bulbs Included: Yes
Smart Device: No
Base Type: FESTOON
Body Material: Aluminum
Finish: Painted Iron
Color: Black
Light Source: LED Bulbs
Number of Light Sources: > 20
Lighting Area: 15–30 sq. meters
Dimmable: Yes (Remote Control)
Power Source: AC
Voltage: 90–260V
Switch Type: Remote Control
Style: Modern
Install Style: Surface Mounted
Material: Metal
Usage: Daily Lighting
Modern LED Chandelier with Sur...
from $108.95
$132.95
This Modern LED Chandelier is designed for clean, functional lighting in any contemporary space. With surface installation and 220V power, it’s ideal for hallways, bedrooms, or as a dining room chandelier in compact settings.
Made from brushed metal using hot bending techniques, this fixture delivers soft, focused chandelier lighting over areas ranging from 5–12 square meters. The dimmable LED chandelier offers energy efficiency and adjustable brightness. Available in two designs—clover and double circle—this light is easy to install and fits both internal and external mounting.
Whether you’re updating your home or office, this modern fixture fits well in any setup requiring practical, low-maintenance lighting.
Specifications:
Material: Metal
Color: Ivory
Finish: Brushed
Style: Modern / Contemporary
Technics: Hot Bending
Light Source: LED bulbs (not included)
Is Dimmable: Yes
Voltage: 220V
Power: 25W
Power Source: AC
Lighting Area: 5–12 sq. meters
Installation Type: Surface mounted (internal or external)
Smart Device: No
Sizes:
Clover: 9.5 Ă— 10 Ă— 24 cm (3.8 Ă— 3.9 Ă— 9.5 in)
Double Circle: 10 Ă— 14 Ă— 24 cm (3.9 Ă— 5.5 Ă— 9.5 in)
Package Includes:
1 Ă— Lamp Body
1 Ă— Embedded Installation Hanging Board
Ideal For: Dining Room, Bedroom, Entryway, Hallway
Modern Crystal Pendant Lamp
from $130.95
$280.95
This Modern Crystal Pendant Lamp is a compact and stylish small chandelier designed for bedrooms, hallways, or any small space. Made from durable aluminum and crystal rod materials with plated iron finish, it combines modern design with reliable performance. This LED chandelier features one built-in LED light source that brightens up areas of 3–5 square meters. It supports cold white, warm white, or 3-color light options. Whether you're adding a soft glow to a reading corner or upgrading a hallway, this crystal chandelier delivers efficient, elegant lighting in a small footprint. It’s easy to install with a cord pendant design and is compatible with all AC power sources from 90–260V.
Specifications:
Material: Aluminum + Crystal Rod
Finish: Iron
Color Options: Black / Gold
Style: Modern
Design: Single-head crystal pendant
Light Source: Built-in LED (Included)
Light Colors: Cold White / Warm White / 3-Color Light
Lighting Area: 3–5 sq. meters
Voltage: AC 85–260V (universal)
Dimmable: No
Switch Type: Knob switch
Installation Type: Cord Pendant
Warranty: 5000 hours
Ideal For: Bedrooms, Hallways, Entryways, Small Spaces
Modern Pendant Light with LED ...
from $113.95
$208.95
The Modern Pendant Light with LED Chandeliers is a sleek and compact fixture ideal for small spaces. Designed with forged aluminum and finished in iron, this small chandelier brings modern style to bedrooms, entryways, or reading corners. With over 20 built-in LED light sources and a simple touch on/off switch, this LED chandelier delivers bright, consistent lighting. It offers 3 color temperatures—3000K (warm), 4000K (neutral), and 6000K (cool)—making it versatile for different moods and rooms. Covering up to 5 square meters, it’s perfect for areas that need focused, decorative light. This pendant also fits well in art deco chandelier themes with its clean lines and minimalist design. Easy to install and energy-efficient, it includes all mounting hardware.
Specifications:
Material: Forged Aluminum
Finish: Iron
Color Options: Black / White
Style: Modern / Art Deco
Design: Single-head small LED pendant
Power Source: AC
Voltage: 220V
Power: 15W
Lighting Area: 1–5 sq. meters
Light Source: Built-in LED (Included)
Color Temperatures: 3000K / 4000K / 6000K
Switch Type: Touch On/Off
Dimmable: No
Base Type: Wedge
Mount Type: Cord Pendant
Size: Diameter 22 cm, Height 100 cm
Warranty: 1 Year
Installation: Includes LED pendant lamp + screw pack
Ideal For: Bedroom, Hallway, Entryway, Reading Nook
Modern Minimalist LED Pendant ...
from $117.95
$143.95
This Modern Minimalist LED Pendant Light is designed for clean, bright, and efficient chandelier lighting. With over 20 LED light sources and a sleek linear shape, it’s ideal for use as a linear chandelier for dining rooms, kitchen islands, or office spaces.
Made from durable ironwork and acrylic, this modern chandelier includes a convenient touch on/off switch and comes in a stylish gold finish. It is available in single or double-head sizes and provides warm white or tricolor lighting across 5–10 square meters. The light is not dimmable but energy-efficient and reliable with a 2-year warranty.
Whether you're updating a dining room or adding a functional light to a workspace, this LED chandelier is a smart, minimalist option.
Specifications:
Material: Ironwork + Acrylic
Color: Gold
Finish: Painted Iron
Style: Modern / Minimalist
Light Source: LED bulbs (included)
Power Source: AC
Voltage: 90–260V (supports 110V and 220V)
Power: 16W / 36W
Lighting Area: 5–10 sq. meters
Light Color Options: Warm White / Tricolor
Switch Type: Touch On/Off
Base Type: Wedge
Mount Type: Cord Pendant
Sizes Available:
L9 Ă— H40 cm (Single Head)
L9 Ă— H40 cm (Double Head)
Dimmable: No
Warranty: 2 Years
Ideal For: Dining Room, Kitchen Island, Study, Office
Modern Nordic Glass Pendant Light
from $105.95
$194.95
The Modern Nordic Glass Pendant Light is a sleek yet compact chandelier designed for small spaces. Crafted from durable glass and iron, it combines elegance with strength, blending seamlessly with rustic and modern chandelier styles. Its black finish and clean design make it a versatile choice for subtle, stylish illumination. Compatible with E27 LED bulbs (not included), this glass chandelier is ideal for bedrooms, kitchens, entryways, or as a dining room chandelier. The ceiling-mounted cord pendant design offers flexible installation, lighting up 3–5 square meters effortlessly. Backed by a 1-year warranty, it’s a reliable and energy-efficient addition to any décor.
Specifications:
Material: Glass + Iron
Color/Finish: Black / Iron
Style: Modern / Nordic / Rustic
Light Source: 1 Ă— E27 LED bulb (not included)
Lighting Area: 3–5 sq. meters
Power Source: AC
Voltage: 90–260V
Dimmable: No
Installation Type: Cord Pendant
Technics: Plated
Base Type: E27
Warranty: 1 Year
Ideal For: Bedroom, Kitchen, Hallway, Entryway
Modern LED Pendant Lights
from $133.95
$287.95
Upgrade your space with the Modern LED Pendant Light—a compact and efficient chandelier light ideal for small areas like bedrooms, hallways, or reading corners. Designed with a clean black finish and durable metal body, this fixture fits well in black chandeliers, rustic chandeliers, or modern interiors. This LED chandelier supports E27 LED bulbs (not included) and lights up spaces of 3–5 square meters. It features multiple switch options, including knob, remote control, touch, or sensor-based operation. Easy to install with a cord pendant design, this light combines convenience, style, and energy efficiency.
Specifications:
Material: Metal
Finish: Painted Iron
Color: Black
Style: Modern / Rustic
Light Source: 1 Ă— E27 LED bulb (not included)
Lighting Area: 3–5 sq. meters
Voltage: 90–260V
Power Source: AC
Base Type: E27
Mount Type: Cord Pendant
Switch Types:
Knob Switch
Remote Control
Touch On/Off
Sensor
Dimmable: No
Warranty: 2 Years
Ideal For: Bedroom, Hallway, Kitchen, Entryway
French Retro Indoor LED Chande...
from $159.95
$319.95
Bring timeless elegance into your home with the French Retro Indoor LED Chandelier. Blending classic charm with modern efficiency, this stylish contemporary pendant lights features a warm gold finish and comes with two built-in E14 LED bulbs. It's perfect for lighting up dining rooms, living rooms, or bedrooms with a cozy, welcoming glow.
Made with a mix of crystal, copper, wood, and fabric, this vintage pendant lighting fixture adds a refined touch to any space. With a surface-mounted cord pendant design and touch on/off switch, it’s easy to install and use. Whether you're after a romantic glass pendant light or a charming retro chandelier, this piece brings beauty and practicality together.
Specifications:Bulbs Included: Yes (E14 LED bulbs)
Installation Type: Cord Pendant
Lighting Area: 5–10 sq. meters
Lampshade Color: Gold
Body Color: Gold
Material: Crystal + Copper + Wood + Fabric
Finish: Polished Copper
Style: Classical / Modern
Light Source: LED
Base Type: E14
Voltage: 90–260V (AC110–260V, 50/60Hz)
Switch Type: Touch On/Off
Dimmable: No
Mount Type: Surface Mounted
Number of Light Sources: 2
Certifications: CCC, CE, CQC
Ideal For: Living Room, Bedroom, Dining Room, Entryway
Contemporary LED Ceiling Bar L...
from $776.95
$917.95
This modern LED chandelier adds style and sophistication to your living room or dining room. The integrated LED ceiling bar lights are highly energy efficient, helping to reduce your electricity bills. Its contemporary design and elegance make it a perfect choice when you're looking to elevate the atmosphere in any space. Get these beautiful modern LED drop ceiling lights to elevate the interiors of your home.
Specifications
Warranty: 3 years
Switch Type: Remote Control, Touch On/Off Switch
Style: Modern Style
Power Source: AC
Place: Parlor, Study, Master Bedroom, other bedrooms, Hotel Hall, Hotel Room
Number of light sources: 15~20
Material: Alloy
Lighting Area: >30square meters
Light Source: LED Bulbs
Item Type: Pendant Lights
Is Dimmable: Yes
Is Bulbs Included: No
Installation Type: Cord Pendant
Finish: Brushed Stainless
Certification: CCC, CE, CQC, FCC, GS, LVD, PSE, ROHS, SAA, UL, VDE, EAC
Brand Name: Savenmade
Nordic LED Butterfly Pendant L...
$268.95
$295.95
Our LED Butterfly Pendant Lights are a stylish addition to your bedroom, living room, dining room, or kitchen. The Nordic design of this metal pendant light is modern and elegant, with an LED light that is energy-efficient and bright. The adjustable cord allows you to customize its height. bring home this beautiful modern pendant light that is a perfect choice for luxury interior lighting.
Specifications
Warranty: 1 year
Voltage: 90-260V
Technics: Plated
Style: Modern Style
Power Source: AC
Number of light sources: 1
Model Number: Butterfly Pendant Lights
Material: Metal
Lighting Area: 10-15square meters
Light Source: LED Bulbs
Lampshade Color: Gold
Item Type: Pendant Lights
Is Dimmable: No
Are Bulbs Included: No
Installation Type: Cord Pendant
Finish: Brushed Stainless
Certification: CCC, CE
Base Type: e27
LED Nordic Pendant Light
from $156.95
$273.95
This elegant Simple LED Nordic Pendant Light will add a modern accent to your living room, bedroom, or dining room. The LEDÂ circular pendant light creates a warm, inviting atmosphere with an eye-catching ring-shaped design. Enjoy a reliable, energy-efficient light with a long lifespan of over 20,000 hours. Add this beautiful gleam source to your home and add more aesthetics to your home.
Specifications:
Warranty: 5000H
Voltage: 90-260V
Technics: Plated
Switch Type: Knob switch
Style: Modern Style
Power Source: AC
Number of light sources: 1
Material: Acryl
Lighting Area: 3-5square meters
Light Source: LED Bulbs
Item Type: Pendant Lights
Is Dimmable: No
Are Bulbs Included: Yes
Installation Type: Cord Pendant
Finish: Iron
Modern Living Room Ceiling Lamp
from $33.50
$45.99
This modern ceiling lamp is a perfect addition to any living room decor, providing a soft and warm light that creates a cozy and inviting atmosphere. This lamp hanging over couch features a modern and minimalist design that blends well with any interior style. This minimalistic lampshade is made of high-quality acrylic material that is durable and easy to clean. Product Information: Style: Modern, Minimalist Chandelier/Light Type: Ceiling Lamp Light source type: LED Lamp body material: Metal, Acrylic Switch Type: Wall switch Average service life: 50,000 hours, Long-lasting Voltage: AC 110-240V, Universal Light color: Warm White, Cool White, Neutral White Irradiation area: 10-15 square meters, Medium-sized rooms Space: Living Room Disclaimer: Please handle with care and avoid using abrasive cleaners. Package Contains: 1 x Living Room Ceiling Lamp. Note: The light bulb is not included.
Acrylic Chandelier Ceiling Lamp
from $20.56
$27.99
Introducing the LEDmodern Ceiling Lamp, a stylish lighting solution for your home. This acrylic ceiling lamp features a circular design that adds a touch of elegance to any room. This round arcylic chandelier ceiling lamp is made of high-quality acrylic material that is durable and long-lasting. With its energy-saving LED light source, this lamp is an eco-friendly and cost-effective option for your home.Product Information:Style: ModernChandelier/Light Type: Ceiling LampLight Source Type: LEDLamp Body Material: AcrylicSwitch Type: Wall switchAverage Service Life: 50,000 hoursVoltage: AC 110V-240VLight Color: Warm White, Cool White, DimmableIrradiation Area: 10-20 square metersSpace: Bedroom, Living Room, BalconyLight source power: 20cm-led white light 12W, 26cm-led white light 12W, 26cm-led white light 18W, 26cm-led white light 24W, 33cm-led white light 24W, 33cm-led white light 30W, 33cm-led white light 36W, 39cm-led white light 24W, 39cm-led white light 36W, 39cm-led white light 50W, 50cm-led white light 36W, 50cm-led white light 48W, 50cm-led white light 72W, 50cm-led white light 100W, 26cm tricolor 12W, 33cm tricolor 18W, 39cm tricolor 24W, 50cm tricolor 72W, 33cm electrodeless dimming 36W, 39cm electrodeless dimming 48W, 50cm electrodeless dimming 72W, 60cm white light 96w, 60cm tricolor 96w, 60cm electrodeless dimming 96w, special lens 26cm-led white light 18W, special lens 33cm-led white light 24W, special lens 39cm-led white light 36W (W)Disclaimer: Please note that the product may vary slightly in color and size due to manual measurements and different lighting conditions during photography.Package Contains:1 x LED Ceiling Lamp1 x Installation HardwareNote/Care Instructions:The lamp should be installed by a qualified electrician. To clean the lamp, use a soft dry cloth. Do not use any abrasive cleaning agents or materials.
Household LED Ceiling Light
from $212.46
$288.99
Introducing the Simple Modern Atmosphere Household Round LED Ceiling Light, a stylish and energy-efficient lighting solution for your home. This glass flush mount ceiling light features a sleek and modern design that adds a touch of elegance and sophistication to any room. Made of high-quality iron and acrylic materials, this led drop ceiling light is durable and long-lasting, with an average service life of 50,000 hours.Product Information:Style: Modern, CreativeChandelier/Light Type: Ceiling LightLight Source Type: LEDLamp Body Material: Iron, AcrylicSwitch Type: Wall switchAverage Service Life: 50,000 hoursVoltage: AC 110V-240VLight Color: Warm White, Cool White, DimmableIrradiation Area: 10-20 square metersSpace: Living Room, Bedroom, Study Room, Dining Room
Disclaimer: Please note that the product may vary slightly in color and size due to manual measurements and different lighting conditions during photography.Package Contains:1 x Simple Modern Atmosphere Household LED Ceiling Light Creative1 x Installation HardwareNote/Care Instructions:- Please ensure that the power is turned off before installation.- The lamp should be installed by a qualified electrician.- To clean the lamp, use a soft dry cloth. Do not use any abrasive cleaning agents or materials.
Bedroom Ceiling Fan Light with...
from $403.91
$549.99
Stay cool and brighten up your room with the Bedroom Ceiling Fan Light with Ceiling Suction – a stylish and space-saving solution that blends comfort and design. This flush mount ceiling fan with light is perfect for modern homes, offering both powerful airflow and adjustable lighting in one sleek fixture. With a clean, contemporary design and easy ceiling suction installation, it adds elegance and function to any bedroom, living room, or study.
The built-in LED light provides soft, energy-efficient illumination with options for warm white, cool white, or dimmable lighting. Durable plastic fan blades and a sturdy iron-and-acrylic body ensure long-lasting performance. Whether you're upgrading your space or furnishing a new room, this modern flush mount ceiling light with fan delivers style, comfort, and convenience in one.Â
Specifications:Style: Modern, Contemporary
Type: Ceiling Fan with Light
Light Source: LED (Energy-efficient)
Material: Iron + Acrylic (Body), Plastic (Blades)
Control Options: Wall Control, Remote Control (optional)
Voltage: AC 110–240V (Universal)
Service Life: Up to 50,000 hours
Light Color Options: Warm White / Cool White / Dimmable
Irradiation Area: 10–20 sq. meters (Medium-sized rooms)
Recommended For: Bedroom, Living Room, Dining Room, Study
Bedroom LED Ceiling Silent Fan...
$318.90
$340.90
Upgrade your bedroom with the Bedroom LED Ceiling Silent Fan Light - a stylish flower wall light designed to offer a functional lighting and cooling solution for sleeping and relaxing. This fan light is equipped with advanced features, such as an energy-efficient motor, silent operation, and easy to use controls, to create a comfortable and tranquil atmosphere for sleeping. This coastal ceiling fan with lights is designed with a silent motor that produces a gentle breeze, guaranteeing a peaceful and restful resting environment. Specifications: Style: Modern, Contemporary Chandelier/Light Type: Ceiling Fan with Light Light Source Type: LED Lamp Body Material: Iron, Acrylic Blade Material: ABS Control Method: Remote Control Average Service Life: 50,000 hours Voltage: AC 110V-240V Light Color: Warm White, Cool White, Dimmable Irradiation Area: 10-20 square meters Space: Bedroom Package Contains: 1 x Bedroom LED Ceiling Silent Fan Light 1 x Remote Control 1 x Installation Hardware Note: - The fan blade has large air volume, quiet and soft wind, and is sturdy, durable, and easy to clean.- Light transmitting LLDPE lampshade, with good heat resistance, built-in LED light source, soft and comfortable light effect, not dazzling
LED Round Ceiling Fan Light
$305.22
$415.99
Enhance the ambiance of your bedroom or dining room with this circular round Ceiling Fan Light Bedroom Dining Room, a stylish and functional lighting and cooling solution designed to provide a comfortable and relaxing environment. This modern ceiling fan light features a sleek and modern design that complements any home decor, while its advanced features make it energy-efficient, silent, and easy to operate. The LED light source is energy-efficient and provides bright and comfortable illumination, while the warm white, cool white, and dimmable light color options allow you to customize the lighting to suit your needs. Product Information: Style: Modern, Contemporary Chandelier/Light Type: Ceiling Fan with Light Light Source Type: LED Lamp Body Material: Iron, Acrylic Blade Material: ABS Control Method: Remote Control Average Service Life: 50,000 hours Voltage: AC 110V-240V Light Color: Warm White, Cool White, Dimmable Irradiation Area: 10-20 square meters Space: Bedroom, Dining Room Disclaimer: Please note that the product may vary slightly in color and size due to manual measurements and different lighting conditions during photography. Package Contains: 1 x Ceiling Fan Light Bedroom Dining Room 1 x Remote Control 1 x Installation Hardware Note/Care Instructions: Please ensure that the power is turned off before installation. The ceiling fan light should be installed by a qualified electrician. To clean the fan blades and lamp, use a soft dry cloth. Do not use any abrasive cleaning agents or materials.